With Java 21’s many powerful improvements, coding is now more expressive, efficient, and up to date. Java 21 provides developers with intriguing capabilities for building enterprise-scale systems and improving backend APIs.
Let’s explore the main features of Java 21 in detail in this blog post, which will be helpful for seasoned developers but also easy enough for beginners to understand.
✅ 1. Record Patterns – Pattern Matching Gets Smarter
What is it?
By enabling direct deconstruction of record objects within pattern matching expressions, Java 21 extends the functionality of pattern matching.
Example:
record Person(String name, int age) {}
static void checkPerson(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof Person(String name, int age)) {
System.out.println(name + ” is ” + age + ” years old.”);
}
}
Why it matters:
No more verbose instanceof checks and casting — this makes your code concise and readable.
✅ 2. String Templates (Preview Feature)
What is it?
String templates allow you to embed variables directly into strings, with better control and cleaner syntax.
Example:
String name = “John”;
String message = STR.”Hello, \{name}!”;
Why it matters:
It avoids clumsy string concatenation and increases readability, especially when building dynamic strings or JSON.
✅ 3. Sequenced Collections
What is it?
A new interface SequencedCollection was introduced to provide more consistent handling of elements in a defined order.
Example:
SequencedCollection<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
names.addFirst(“Alice”);
names.addLast(“Bob”);
Why it matters:
It brings the ability to add/remove items from the beginning or end — similar to Deques but in a unified interface across Lists, Sets, and Maps.
✅ 4. Virtual Threads (Finalized)
What is it?
Java 21 completes the integration of virtual threads, enabling lightweight threads that are ideal for high-concurrency applications.
Example:
Runnable task = () -> System.out.println(“Running on: ” + Thread.currentThread());
Thread.startVirtualThread(task);
Why it matters:
You can now create thousands of threads without performance overhead — this revolutionizes how we build scalable apps.
✅ 5. Scoped Values
What is it?
Scoped values provide a thread-local way to share data across methods without the risk of mutation.
Example:
ScopedValue<String> scoped = ScopedValue.newInstance();
ScopedValue.where(scoped, “Hello”).run(() -> {
System.out.println(scoped.get());
});
Why it matters:
It’s a safer alternative to ThreadLocal when working with concurrent or virtual threads.
✅ 6. Unnamed Classes and Instance main Methods (Preview)
What is it?
Java 21 introduces a preview where you can write simpler Java programs — no class declaration required.
Example:
void main() {
System.out.println(“Hello, Java 21!”);
}
Why it matters:
Perfect for learning, scripting, and bootstrapping small applications. Java becomes more beginner-friendly.
✅ 7. Pattern Matching for Switch – Now Standard
What is it?
Switches now come with pattern matching as standard. Richer type-checking and conditional logic within switch statements are made possible by it.
Example:
static String handleShape(Object shape) {
return switch (shape) {
case Circle c -> “Circle with radius ” + c.radius();
case Rectangle r -> “Rectangle of size ” + r.width() + “x” + r.height();
default -> “Unknown shape”;
};
}
Why it matters:
Improves readability, type safety, and flexibility in switch-case logic.
You can also read for:- Multithreading in Java: A Practical Guide
✅ 8. Improvements to the Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)
What is it?
improved ability to call native programs without JNI, such as C libraries. Hardware-level operations and other high-performance tasks are made possible by this.
Why it’s important
This greatly increases the power and efficiency of Java for developers working with native code.
🏁 Final Thoughts
Java 21 is a huge advancement since it’s not just a version upgrade; it’s a change in the way we construct Java programs. Java is obviously changing to meet the demands of contemporary development, from pattern matching and virtual threads to safer concurrency and streamlined grammar.
🔍 Summary of Java 21 Key Features:
| Feature | Description |
| ✅ Record Patterns | Simplified object deconstruction |
| ✅ String Templates | Embed variables in strings |
| ✅ Virtual Threads | Scalable and lightweight concurrency |
| ✅ Scoped Values | Safer thread-local alternatives |
| ✅ Sequenced Collections | Consistent ordered collections |
| ✅ Unnamed Classes | Simpler syntax for beginners |
| ✅ Pattern Matching for Switch | Cleaner conditional logic |
| ✅ Foreign Function API | Call native code easily |
💬 What Should You Do Next?
Use these features in your upcoming project or personal study. The goal of Java 21 is to improve the expressiveness, efficiency, and future-proofness of your code.
It might be time to upgrade if you’re still using Java 17 or earlier.
You may be interested in this:
Java Methods: A Complete Guide with Advantages and Best Practices